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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:navajowhite;">Kamarupi script<br><div style="font-weight:normal">Kamrupi script</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugida</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5th-13th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> & <a href="Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi Prakrit</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul><li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a><sup id="cite_ref-salomon-gupta_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salomon-gupta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Kamarupi script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese alphabet</a><sup id="cite_ref-Assamdistrictgazetteers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assamdistrictgazetteers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Kamarupi script</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Kamrupi script, ancient Assamese script)<sup id="cite_ref-Assamdistrictgazetteers_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assamdistrictgazetteers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the script used in ancient <a href="Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> from as early as 5th century to 13th century, from which the modern <a href="Assamese_alphabet" title="Assamese alphabet">Assamese</a> script eventually evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the development of the Assamese script, this phase was followed by the medieval and then by the modern Assamese scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Though the script development was in general agreement with the development in Bengal and Bihar,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it had local peculiarities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The angular and calligraphic style of writing prevalent to its west is not found in this development.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The Kamarupi script originated from <a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn developed from <a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>. It developed on its own in Kamarupa, till the Nidhanpur copper-plate issued by <a href="Bhaskarvarman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskarvarman">Bhaskarvarman</a> from his military camp at <a href="Karnasubarna" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnasubarna">Karnasubarna</a>, which took on <a href="Kutila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutila">Kutila</a> characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, Kamarupi script origins are traced to <a href="Siddham_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddham script">Kutila script</a>, which is not widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="Kamarupa_inscriptions" title="Kamarupa inscriptions">Kamarupa inscriptions</a> were engraved during this development period, and they display the development of this script in this period. The scripts of the 5th-century <a href="Umachal_rock_inscription" title="Umachal rock inscription">Umachal</a> and <a href="Nagajari-Khanikargaon_rock_inscription" title="Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscription">Nagajari-Khanikargaon</a> rock inscriptions are nearly identical to the eastern variety of the <a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which over the centuries evolved into the proto-Assamese script of the 12th-century Kanai-Boroxiboa inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>S. N. Sarma has observed that the Assamese script pertaining to the period from the 6th century to the twelfth century can be termed as the ancient Kamrupi script. The Kamrupi script took the form of the old Assamese script in the latter period.<sup id="cite_ref-Assamdistrictgazetteers_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assamdistrictgazetteers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2></div>

<p>In late medieval period, three variations came to be used, <i>Gargaya</i> used around Gargaon, <i>Bamonia</i>, used by <a href="Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> in preparation of Sanskrit texts and <i>Kaitheli</i> used by the <a href="Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayasthas</a> and called <i>Lakhri</i> in Kamrup.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi Prakrit</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Māmaṇi Raẏachama Goswāmī (1996), <i>Rāmāyaṇa from Gangā to Brahmaputra</i>, p.98 The Gachtal pillar inscription composed in old Assamese script and language, rather Kamrupi dialect, referring to the yavana invasion from Bengal, with the date saka 1284</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-salomon-gupta-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-salomon-gupta_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The terminology for the various premodern Brahmi-derived scripts is, however, largely unstandardized and typically made up ad hoc, due mainly to the lack of attested indigenous terms for many of them (2.1.1). D. C. Sircar broadly categorizes the stages of development into "Early," "Middle," and "Late Brahmi" periods, corresponding (in northern India) to the third through first centuries B.C., the first century B.C. through third century A.D., and the fourth through sixth centuries A.D., respectively (HEP 113), though others refer to his "Late Brahmi" as "Gupta script".' (<a href="#CITEREFSalomon1998">Salomon 1998</a>:19)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Assamdistrictgazetteers-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assamdistrictgazetteers_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assamdistrictgazetteers_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assamdistrictgazetteers_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Assam district gazetteers - Volume 6</i> (1976), Page 478 "S. N. Sarma has observed that the Assamese script pertaining to the period from the 6th century to the twelfth century can be termed as the ancient Kamrupi script."</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Assamese script of the period from the fifth to the thirteenth century may be termed as the ancient Assamese script or the Kamarupi script" (<a href="#CITEREFGoswami1983">Goswami 1983</a>, p. 23)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFGoswami1983">Goswami 1983</a>, p. 27)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Kamarupi script developed into the medieval Assamese script and the latter into the modern Assamese script" (<a href="#CITEREFGoswami1983">Goswami 1983</a>, p. 27)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The detailed discussion above shows that the broad pattern of the development of writing in Assam was in line with that in Bengal-Bihar." (<a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya1969">Bhattacharya 1969</a>:535)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Assam inscriptions discussed above furnish the documentary evidence of how the eastern version of the north Indian writing style developed in Assam with an admixture of some local peculiarities." (<a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya1969">Bhattacharya 1969</a>:537)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The predominantly angular style of writing of the Bengal-Assam copper plates is not to be found in the Assam copper plates; nor is the formal 'calligraphical' style so conspicuous in Bengal-Bihar for a limited period of time represented here." (<a href="#CITEREFBhattacharya1969">Bhattacharya 1969</a>:536)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The <i>a, i, ka, ga, na, ta, da, na, ma, ra</i> and <i>va</i> of the Umachal and Barganga inscriptions are fairly similar to those of the Allahabad inscription (of Samudragupta)" (<a href="#CITEREFLahiri1991">Lahiri 1991</a>, p. 59)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...Nidhanpur grant belongs to a later date having many elements from the so called western style of writing. This grant can be said to have been written in <i>Kutila</i> alphabets." (<a href="#CITEREFVerma1976">Verma 1976</a>, p. 40)</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFJoshiMargabandhuSharmaBisht2002" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Jagat Pati; Margabandhu, Chedarambattu; Sharma, Arun Kumar; Bisht, Ranvir Singh (2002). <i>Puraratna: emerging trends in archaeology, art, anthropology, conservation, and history : in honour of Shri Jagat Pati Joshi, Volume 2</i>. Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 430.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFLahiri1991">Lahiri 1991</a>, pp. 58–59)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFLahiri1991">Lahiri 1991</a>, pp. 57–58)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Les Langues Ecrites Du Monde: Releve Du Degre Et Des Modes D'Utilisation</i> (1978), p.39</span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya1969" class="citation thesis cs1">Bhattacharya, Sureshchandra (1969). <i>The Evolution of Script in Northeastern India from CAD 400 to 1200 with Special Reference to Bengal</i> (PhD). University of London.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBora1981" class="citation book cs1">Bora, Mahendra (1981). <i>The Evolution of Assamese Script</i>. Jorhat, Assam: <a href="Axom_Xahitya_Xabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Axom Xahitya Xabha">Assam Sahitya Sabha</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGoswami1983" class="citation journal cs1">Goswami, Upendranath (1983). "The Assamese Script". <i>Journal of the Assam Research Society</i>. <b>27</b>. Kamarupa Anusandhan Samiti.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLahiri1991" class="citation book cs1">Lahiri, Nayanjot (1991). <i>Pre-Ahom Assam: Studies in the Inscriptions of Assam between the Fifth and the Thirteenth Centuries AD</i>. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVerma1976" class="citation book cs1">Verma, Thakur Prasad (1976). <i>Development of Script in Ancient Kamrupa</i>. Asam Sahitya Sabha.</cite></li></ul>

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